A. Typing Specifications
Manuscripts should be typed double spaced on one side of a sheet only, with margins of about 2.5 cm on each side of each page.
B. Consecutive Numbering of Parts
All manuscript pages, footnotes, equations, and references should be labeled in consecutive numerical order. Illustrations and tables should be cited in text in numerical order. See Section IV-G of this guide.
C. Manuscript Formats
See copies of the publications for examples of proper paper formats and requirements for the types of papers accepted for each publication (i.e., Full Papers, Letters, Short Papers, etc.). Full length papers generally consist of the title, byline, author affiliation, footnote (including any financial support acknowledgment), index terms, abstract, nomenclature if present, introduction, body, conclusions, reference list, list of figures and table captions, and original figures and tables for reproduction. A paper may also include appendixes, a glossary of symbols, and an acknowledgment of nonfinancial support.
D. Abstract
The abstract should be limited to 50–200 words and should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance. The abstract will appear later in various abstracts journals and should contain the most critical information of the paper.
E. References
A numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper as a separate page or pages of the manuscript. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in text, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number.
Each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets. In text, citations of references may be given simply as "in [1] . . . ", rather than as "in reference [1] . . . ". Similarly, it is not necessary to mention the authors of a reference unless the mention is relevant to the text. It is almost never useful to give dates of references in text. These will usually be deleted by Staff Editors if included. Footnotes or other words and phrases that are not part of the reference format do not belong on the reference list. Phrases such as "For example," should not introduce references in the list, but should instead be given in parentheses in text, followed by the reference number, i.e., "For example, see [5]." Sample correct formats for various types of references are as follows.
Books:
[1] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
[2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
Periodicals:
[3] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of feasibility," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
[4] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling-wave optical laser," Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 1965.
[5] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.
Articles from Conference Proceedings (published):
[6] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, "Wavelength-switched passively coupled single-mode optical network," in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590.
Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished):
[7] D. Ebehard and E. Voges, "Digital single sideband detection for interferometric sensors," presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany, 1984.
Standards/Patents:
[8] G. Brandli and M. Dick, "Alternating current fed power supply," U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.
Technical Reports:
[9] E. E. Reber, R. L. Mitchell, and C. J. Carter, "Oxygen absorption in the Earth's atmosphere," Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1968.
F. References—Electronic Sources
The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered below are a modified illustration of the adaptation by the International Standards Organization (ISO) documentation system and the American Psychological Association (APA) style. Three pieces of information are required to complete each reference: 1) protocol or service; 2) location where the item is to be found; and 3) item to be retrieved. It is not necessary to repeat the protocol (i.e., http) in Web addresses after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Books:
Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) [Type of medium]. volume (issue). Available: site/path/file
Example:
[1] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks. (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available: http://www.atm.com
Journals:
Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type of medium]. volume (issue), pages. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[2] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, Aug.). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp. 876–880. Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar
Papers Presented at Conferences:
Author. (year, month). Title. Presented at Conference title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[3] PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity. Presented at INET96 Annu. Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
Reports and Handbooks:
Author. (year, month). Title. Company. City, State or Country. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[4] S. L. Talleen. (1996, Apr.). The Intranet Architecture: Managing information in the new paradigm. Amdahl Corp., CA. [Online]. Available: http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/infra/html
Computer Programs and Electronic Documents:
ISO recommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice for the language or script in which the information is given.
Example:
[5] A. Harriman. (1993, June). Compendium of genealogical software. Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail: HUMANIST@NYVM Message: get GENEALOGY REPORT
G. Figures, Tables, and Captions List
All graphics should be submitted as separate items from the body of your paper on separate sheets of paper or on disk. IEEE Transactions/Journals Department does not provide drafting or art services. Thus, the better the quality of the material submitted, the better the published result. Line art, graphs, charts, tables, drawings, photos, and gray scale diagrams will be scanned electronically for final production or you may submit them as TIFF, PostScript, or Encapsulated PostScript files (see Section V-D for more information on electronic graphics). If submitting for scanning, all graphics should be original proofs and not photo-copies. Whenever possible photos should be glossy prints with no screening. Laser prints will not reproduce as well as original photos. All line drawings and photos should be in black and white, unless special arrangements have been made to process them in color.
Please use consistent typefaces on all your figures. Figures will be reduced to make the smallest typesize 8 points. Generally one or two typefaces should suffice. It is suggested that you use either Times Roman or Sans Serif. For best results, all of your figures should be the same size (width length) whenever possible. For scanned graphics the original materialshould be no larger than 22 28 cm.
On graphs, show only the coordinate axes, or at most the major grid lines, to avoid a dense result after reduction. DO NOT put boxes around your figures to enclose them. Captions should be included as a separate list at the end of the paper. Corrections cannot be made on a graphic. New corrected copies (including tables) must be submitted by the author when returning the proofs.
H. Section Headings
Primary section headings within papers are enumerated by Roman numerals and are centered above the text. For the purpose of typing the manuscript only, primary headings should be capital letters. Sample:
I. PRIMARY HEADING
(TEXT)
Secondary section headings are enumerated by capital letters followed by periods ("A.", "B.", etc.) and are flush left above their sections. The first letter of each word is capitalized. In print the headings will be in italics. Sample:
A. Secondary Heading
(TEXT)
Tertiary section headings are enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by a parenthesis. They are indented, run into the text in their sections, and are followed by a colon. The first letter of each important word is capitalized. Sample:
1) Tertiary Heading: (TEXT)
Quaternary section headings are rarely necessary but are perfectly acceptable if required. They are identical to tertiary
headings except that lowercase letters are used as labels and only the first letter of the heading is capitalized. Sample:
a) Quaternary heading: (TEXT)
Enumeration of section headings is often desirable, but is not a requirement. If an author does choose to enumerate section headings, then ALL levels of section headings in the paper should be enumerated. Similarly, if section headings are not to be enumerated, the choice should be consistent for all headings in the paper. In either case, the remaining style rules for each level of section heading should be followed.
I. Mathematical Notation
To avoid errors in editing and typesetting, authors should clearly identify subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other symbols. Add margin notes or other explanations wherever necessary. It is especially important to distinguish clearly between the following terms.
a) Capital and lowercase letters when used as symbols.
b) Zero and the letter "O."
c) The lowercase letter "l," and numeral one (1), and the prime sign ( ).
d) The letters "k" and (kappa), "u" and (mu), "v" and (nu), and "n" and (eta).
A wavy line under a character or letter indicates boldface type. (Bold type should be indicated for certain vectors and Matrices.) A straight line under a character or letter indicates italic type. (Italic type should be indicated for all text variables.) Break equations to fit in a space no wider than 21 picas or 3.5....in width. Avoid ambiguities in equations and fractions in text through careful use of parentheses, brackets, solidi (slants), etc. Note that in text, fractions are usually "broken down" to fit on one line and confusion can result if terms are not properly labeled.
The conventional order of brackets is {[()]}. For simplicity in international usage, IEEE practice is to separate numbers of more than four digits into groups of three on either side of the decimal point, separated by a space. If the magnitude of a number is less than zero, the decimal sign should be preceded by a zero. Examples:
12 531 7465 9.2163 0.102 834
Use of the multidot (*) rather than the multi x when multiplying by powers of ten in equations or text is at the author's discretion.
J. Units and Abbreviations
The International System of Units (SI units) is advocated for use in IEEE publications. Refer to the units list provided in Appendix I of this guide for information on preferred usage of units, conversion factors, etc. Unit symbols should be used with measured quantities, i.e., 1 mm, but not when unit names are used in text without quantities, i.e., "a few millimeters." Acronyms and abbreviations should be defined the first time they are used in text.